Interest rates on commercial permanent loans have increased sharply since the end of the Great Recession in 2009. At one point - about three years ago when the yields on ten-year bonds in Germany and Switzerland went negative - fixed interest rates on commercial loans to prime borrowers reached as low as 3.75%. Today even very good borrowers are likely to pay 5.6% to 6.0% for the same commercial loan from a regional bank. Small town banks are quoting rates as high as 6.25%.
We are clearly in an era of increasing interest rates. It sure would be great if you could lock your rate when while your commercial loan is in process.
Now if you are buying a house, its possible to get the lender to lock his interest rate for 30 days or so. The reason why residential lenders can do this is that they buy huge fixed-rate forward-commitments from Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. The same is NOT true for commercial loans. As a general rule, commercial real estate lenders do NOT lock their interest rates.
If you had a commercial loan in process with a bank, and the bond market suddenly collapsed; i.e., interest rate spiked sharply higher, the bank would not be legally obligated to fund your loan at the interest rate originally quoted.
Example:
Big Pebble Bank is processing a $700,000 commercial loan on an office building on Main Street in Big Pebble, New Mexico. The bank has quoted 5.75%, 1 point, twenty-five years amortized, ten years due, with a rate readjustment at the beginning of year 6, and a 3% prepayment penalty for the first 4.5 years.
Suddenly China, angry over the trade war, sells all of its $2T in Treasury bonds in a single day. The bond market collapses, and interest rates spike sharply upwards. (When interest rates spike upwards, the price of existing bonds crash. This is why the first picture above shows a down arrow.) By the way, a permanent loan is merely a garden-variety first mortgage on a standing commercial property with a term of at least five years and at least some amortization. Twenty-five years is the most common amortization for bank commercial loans.
Example Continued:
After China dumped its bonds, the current rate for commercial permanent loans from Big Pebble Bank increased to 7%. Will Big Pebble Bank honor its original quote of 5.75%? Probably not. The jump in interest rates is just too big. Rather than candidly saying, "Interest rates have jumped upwards, so we can no longer make your loan at 5.75%," they will probably find some goofy qualitative reason to turn the deal down, like the bricks on the building are red or the property is on the left-hand side of the street. A quantitative reason might be that the deal no longer produced a 1.25 debt service coverage ratio at the higher 7% rate.
Now the example above was an extreme one. What would happen if interest rates merely drifted 0.25% higher during the 65 days that it took Big Pebble Bank to process the commercial loan? Will the bank likely honor its original quote?
Probably. While a term sheet is not legally binding on the bank, most banks will hold their quoted rate if the rate change is not terribly dramatic. You will recall that a term sheet (or loan proposal or conditional commitment letter) is merely an expression of interest in making a commercial loan and a good faith estimate of the eventual terms. A term sheet is not legally binding on the lender, but it does have some moral influence.
You will recall that a conduit is a commercial mortgage company that specializes in originating commercial loans destined for re-sale into the CMBS market. CMBS stands for commercial mortgage-backed securities. CMBS loans are large commercial loans, typically $5 million or more, secured by the Four Basic Food Groups - multifamily, office, retail, and industrial.
Conduit lenders will NOT lock their interest rates. Your rate will float with the credit markets while your huge commercial loan is in process. That being said, most conduits will usually hold true to their margins or spreads. Let me explain.
Conduit loans are priced at some margin or spread, say, 225 bps. (2.25%) over ten year Treasuries or ten-year swap spreads. A basis point or bip is 1/100th of 1%. Therefore 25 bps. is equal to one-quarter of 1%. Fifty basis points is one-half of one percent.
What is this ten-year swap spread thingee? A swap occurs when a lender assumes the risk of rates going up by swapping his adjustable rate bond for a fixed rate bond. Remember, if you own a fixed rate bond - say a ten-year Treasury bond at 2.5% - and interest rates increase so that new ten-year Treasuries start yielding 3.5%, then your 2.5% bond will fall painfully in value.
Since the guy swapping his adjustable rate bond for a fixed rate bond is taking a risk, he will normally demand some sort of sweetener to do the deal. That sweetener is known as a swap spread, and it it expressed as an interest rate. Today, ten-year swap spreads and ten-year Treasury bonds (also known as the long bond), are about the same value.
Conduits today are pricing their big commercial loans using the higher of either ten-year swap spreads or ten-year Treasuries. For example, a conduit might issue a term sheet today for a $7.2 million ten-year permanent loan on a shopping center in Los Angeles. They might price the commercial loan at 225 bps. over ten-year swap spreads. The 225 basis points, in this example, is the conduit's margin.
Above we mentioned that conduits will NOT lock their interest rate during the 75-day processing period of one of these huge commercial loans. Most conduits, however, WILL hold true to their proposed margin or spread under most circumstances. It's kind of a moral thing. Conduits are not legally obligated to lock in their margins; but unless there is absolute chaos in the market, they will usually not change it.
Occasionally, however, the credit markets will plunge into chaos; and the appetite of bond buyers (pension trusts, insurance companies, family offices, etc.) to buy bonds backed by commercial mortgages will disappear. For example, suppose English jets sought out and destroyed a Russian destroyer in retaliation for a second poisoning attack on English soil.
When this happens, conduits have little choice but to keep increasing their interest rates until CMBS bond buyers return to the market. "Dude, we're sorry to do this, but with the chaos in the marketplace, we are going to have to re-price your loan." In other words, the conduit will only make the big $7.2 million loan if the borrower agrees to an increase in the conduit's margin or spread to 325 bps.
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